Sindrome brachicefalica
E’ una patologia caratteristica di razze che presentano il cranio corto e largo (brachicefalici).
Le RAZZE canine maggiormente colpite sono bulldog, boston terrier, carlino, cavalier king, charles spaniel, pechinese, shi-tzu, chow-chow, boxer ed altri. (Tra i gatti il persiano e l’himalayano sono quelli più colpiti)
- narici stenotiche (43%-85%)
- velo palatino lungo e ispessito (86%-96%)
- ipoplasia cavità nasale
- lingua più grande del normale
- mucosa faringea abbondante
- ipoplasia tracheale
Tutto questo determina una riduzione del lume rinofaringeo causando uno sforzo inspiratorio continuo con conseguente deformabilità e flaccidità delle strutture che costituiscono le prime vie aeree portando così a modifiche secondarie:
- eversione dei sacculi laringei ( 55%-59%)
- collasso laringeo (I, II e III stadio)
SEGNI CLINICI
Tutti i brachicefali soffrono di un’ostruzione subclinica anche se non tutti mostrano da subito i sintomi. In media vengono portati alla visita clinica per problemi respiratori intorno ai 4-5 anni.
Il cane può avere tosse, dispnea, rumori respiratori di diversa intensità, scarsa resistenza agli sforzi fisici, svenimenti, forme gastroenteriche (rigurgito, vomito,..), ecc
DIAGNOSI
Per stadiare la sindrome brachicefalica è necessaria una visita clinica, rx torace e soprattutto un esame endoscopico in sedazione per poter mettere in evidenza: stenosi delle narici, stenosi del vestibolo nasale, ipertrofia o displasia delle conche nasali, conche aberranti rostrali e caudali, palato molle allungato e/o ispessito, collasso rinofaringeo e collasso laringeo (con i suoi vari gradi), ipoplasia tracheale.
TERAPIA
Gli interventi terapeutici/preventivi si basano sia da un punto di vista medico (dieta dimagrante, limitazione dell’attività fisica e degli stress; Se il cane ha dispnea acuta grave sarà necessario l’utilizzo di farmaci, ossigeno e il controllo della temperatura corporea) ma soprattutto sulla correzione chirurgica dei difetti anatomici:
- asportazione della porzione in esubero del velo palatino (meglio se fatto in giovane età 4mesi-2anni)
- resezione delle narici stenotiche (a partire già dai 3-4 mesi di vita)
- sacculectomia dei ventricoli laringei
PREVENZIONE
L’ottimale sarebbe intervenire il più precocemente possibile al fine di ritardare i processi degenerativi progressivi (degenerazione e collasso cartilagineo) a cui va incontro un cane con queste problematiche.
Noi consigliamo a tutti i cani brachicefali (sintomatici e non) di effettuare una visita clinica e soprattutto un esame endoscopico (già intorno ai 6 mesi di età) al fine di intervenire quanto prima e prolungare così la qualità di vita del nostro paziente.
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