Vaccino Leishmania
Dal 4 aprile 2012 sarà disponibile, presso l’Ambulatorio Veterinario Bagno a Ripoli, il primo vaccino europeo contro la Leishmaniosi canina.
Dopo numerosi anni di studio è stato possibile isolare delle proteine specifiche del parassita (ESP). Queste proteine sono risultate essere molto immunogene stimolando una maggior risposta cellulomediata nei confronti della Leishmania. Per incrementare ulteriormente la risposta immunitaria è stato aggiunto come adiuvante il QA-21, un componente purificato della saponina.
Il vaccino è in grado di stimolare una risposta immunitaria di tipo cellulomediata con predominanza dei linfociti Th1 della memoria (con produzione di IFN-ᵠ) specifici per Leishmania. Questi linfociti a loro volta stimoleranno i macrofagi a distruggere le Leishmanie mediante produzione di arginina e ossido d’azoto.
EFFICACIA
E’ stato eseguito uno studio (90 casi)di esposizione naturale al flebotomo che trasmette la Leishmania in aree altamente endemiche (Italia e Spagna) per 2 anni. Alla fine dello studio è stato visto che non vi erano delle grosse differenze per quanto riguarda il contagio tra i cani vaccinati ed i controlli.
La vaccinazione contro la Leishmania ha diminuito invece notevolmente il numero dei cani sintomatici (7.3%) rispetto ai non vaccinati (23.1%). Inoltre una percentuale più alta di cani vaccinati si è negativizzata dopo aver inizialmente mostrato una positività alla PCR verso il parassita.
Nella sperimentazione di residenza, la probabilità (odds) dello sviluppo di infezione attiva e della progressione agli stadi sintomatici della leishmaniosi sono risultati ridotti di circa quattro volte.
(es. se senza il vaccino abbiamo un cane su 25 che si ammala dopo il vaccino ne avremo 1 su 100)
TOLLERABILITA’
E’ possibile notare ipertermia, apatia, inappetenza, vomito e diarrea. Come segni locali è stato notato gonfiore locale e dolore nel punto di inoculo.
VACCINAZIONE
- Il vaccino è indicato a partire dai 6 mesi di età
- Il cane deve essere sano, sverminato (per evitare risposta Th2), esente dalla Leishmaniosi (test rapidi di buona qualità, IFAT, ELISA…). Non utilizzare in gravidanza e allattamento.
- Devono essere effettuati 2 richiami a distanza di 3 settimane l’uno dall’altro.
- Successivamente saranno effettuati richiami annuali (previo test Leishmania per escludere contagio).
- Essere distanziati di almeno 2 settimane dalla somministrazione di altri vaccini.
- Usare sempre i repellenti (il vaccino non previene l’infezione!)
L’immunità sarà completa solo dopo 10 settimane dalla prima inoculazione (evitare in questo periodo il contatto con flebotomi infetti)
Canileish monografia del prodotto (vedi bibliografia all’interno)
Ulteriori informazioni all’indirizzo www.leishmania.it
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