Obesità
L’obesità colpisce circa il 25-30% degli animali da compagnia (Stati Uniti).
La causa principale è l’ingestione di calorie eccessive rispetto al proprio fabbisogno. L’obesità può inoltre essere causata da disordini ormonali quali l’ipotiroidismo, l’iperadrecorticismo, l’insulinoma…
Rischi per la salute:
Sono stati messi in evidenza molti rischi associati all’obesità:
- anomalie nel movimento
- anomalie ortopediche
- predisposizione a sviluppare problemi ortopedici nei cuccioli obesi
- cani obesi ad 1 anno di età sono più predisposti a sviluppare tumori mammari e carcinomi a cellule di transizione
- segni di invecchiamento precoce
- intolleranza al movimento
- incapacità di toelettarsi
- diminuita regolazione termica
- difficoltà respiratoria
- insufficienza cardiaca
- problemi al parto
- problemi dermatologici (di natura non allergica)
In uno studio è stato dimostrato che i roditori e gli animali da compagnia in “peso forma” vivono in media 1-2 anni in più rispetto a quelli sovrappeso.
Diagnosi
Il peso da solo spesso non è indicativo di obesità in quanto il peso ideale varia da paziente a paziente (specie, età, razza, ecc.).
Esiste infatti un punteggio (Body Condition Scoring) che è possibile assegnare ad ogni animale anche se possiamo così riassumere:
- un animale in condizione ottimale ha dei contorni e silhouettes normali; prominenze ossee che possono essere facilmente palpate (ma non visibili subito sotto la pelle); grasso intaddominale che non ostacoli la palpazione addominale. La percentuale di grasso in un animale in peso forma si aggira intorno al 15-25%.
Trattamento
La prima cosa da fare prima di trattare un animale per l’obesità è capire se si tratta o meno di una endocrinopatia e solo successivamente iniziare un programma dietetico accurato.
I metodi per far perdere peso sono molteplici:
- diminuzione del quantitativo di cibo che l’animale sta già assumendo. Bisogna però stare attenti in quanto una diminuzione del cibo oltre il 25% può portare ad alcune carenze nutrizionali. Se è necessario diminuire l’attuale cibo oltre il 25-30% sarebbe consigliato cambiare il tipo di alimento,
- utilizzare un alimento dietetico formulato che apporti meno calorie e che aumenti i nutrienti non calorici,
- diminuire/eliminare snacks e sostituirli invece con vegetali ricchi di acqua e fibre (es. broccoli e zucchini),
- assunzione di cibi con alto contenuto in fibre,
- attività fisica regolare.
Esistono comunque in commercio numerose marche di cibo studiate appositamente per far perdere peso ai vostri animali.
E’ inoltre importante monitorare costantemente il peso del vostro animale ed attuare un protocollo dietetico appropriato insieme al vostro veterinario.
In conclusione, l’eliminazione del grasso in eccesso ha dimostrato essere di fondamentale importanza nel prevenire numerose patologie e prolungare così la vita dei vostri amici a 4 zampe…
S.J. Ettinger, E.C. Feldman: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Elsevier Saunders 6th ed
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